Introduction to Color Space

Definition and quantification of color.Color space: RGB
As early as 1704, Newton proposed that the essence of color was light; In 1854, Grassman summarized Grassman’s law of color mixing; Then in 1855, Maxwell proposed that red, green and blue could be mixed to produce colors of various tones.
Can the three colors of red, green and blue match all the colors?
This question depends on whether all colors can be split into red, yellow and blue combinations. That is, can red, yellow and blue light add up to produce all colors that human beings can perceive?
Then scientists began various experiments, and finally found that the answer was: yes, but not either.
Through the test, after getting the spectrum of a specific color, we can know the intensity value of each wavelength of this color, and we can also know the intensity value of its equivalent tricolor light (RGB).
In this way, the matching ratio of RGB tricolor light equivalent to this specific spectrum is obtained.
This ratio can be used to roughly quantify the color.
The ratio after normalization is the so-called chromaticity coordinate.
In this way, all colors in nature can be distinguished by human eyes. As long as you can distinguish the color, you can use this method to quantify. Although color can also be described (uniquely) by spectral curve! From 780 nm to 380 nm, the number is huge, and it is not intuitive!
Such naming is unrealistic. Therefore, not all colors can be split into red, yellow and blue combinations.
However, if the RGB ratio value is used for naming, only three data are needed (after normalization, only two data are needed).
It took mankind three hundred years to reach this point.
On this basis, a mathematical coordinate transformation is carried out (the coordinates are changed from rgb to xyz)
This is the CIE 1931 XYZ chromaticity diagram we usually see.
Of course, in this way, the “brightness” information contained in the tristimulus value is completely lost, leaving only the relative ratio information. Therefore, CIE 1931 XYZ chromaticity diagram can only show the information of chromaticity (hue, saturation), but not the lightness.

Color space: Munsell
In 1905, American painter Munsell summarized the experience and research achievements of color scientists in the past two centuries and proposed Munsell’s color system.
Munsell color classification method belongs to pure psychological color classification method. Its three-dimensional space represents three basic visual parameters of color, namely lightness, hue and saturation.
As the real color sample of Munsell color system, Munsell atlas has been widely used in textile, dye, paint, ink, medicine, chemistry, photography, color TV and other color related industrial production and color science research.

Color space: CIE Lab and CIE Luv
In order to measure and evaluate color differences more objectively and accurately, CIE, the International Commission on Illumination, formally proposed two improved uniform color spaces in 1976, namely CIE1976L * u * v color space and CIE1976L * a * b color space. Both values can be converted to each other, especially CIE1976L * a * b color space was the color space with good use effect at that time, and was widely used.
L means light and dark,+means light and – means dark; A is red green,+is red, – is green; B means yellow blue,+means yellow, – means blue.

Color space: LCh, CMYK, etc
There are still many color spaces in different industries. For example: LCh, CMYK, Hunterlab, etc. L is the brightness value, C is the color saturation, and h is the hue angle.

LISUN’s spectrophotometer can meet the above color spacce to define and quantify colors, so as to achieve the purpose of color management.

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